The extensive configuration covered a wide geographic distribution either covered large areas of unoccupied

We also conducted simulations to measure bias under realistic densities and detection probabilities for large carnivores. We also consider effects of snare design on detections and provide insights towards implementing large scale capture-recapture sampling designs for SCR models for low density, wide ranging species. We found that multiple arrays spaced across a landscape using intensive snare coverage yielded more captures and recaptures of more individuals than extensive coverage spaced over an area approximately 13 times larger. Consequently, estimated density using the intensive configuration was 5.5 times AP24534 in vivo greater than that under the extensive configuration. By pooling detections among our arrays with closer snare spacing and using SCR models to explicitly account for variable exposure to traps, we were able to increase precision while retaining the ability to estimate average density over a landscape. However, placement of intensive arrays was informed largely by the distribution of detections from the extensive sampling effort. Therefore, although results support the intensive design, prior knowledge of bear distribution was critical to increasing detections in the intensive configuration. When population distribution and space use are poorly understood, adjusting sampling design over multiple surveys may be required. With intensive sampling, CV of parameter estimates decreased on average by 53% compared to extensive sampling. Pollock et al. recommended a CV,20% for reasonable precision of estimates, which we achieved for all parameters with our intensive configuration. Boulanger et al. also demonstrated increased capture probability and precision under intensive sampling of a grizzly bear population. However, over 50% of individuals in our study were not recaptured under both sampling designs and capture probability remained below recommended levels. The lack of food reward at snares, summer migration to find food, mating opportunities, or dispersal, may partially explain low recaptures observed during our summer surveys. We suggest greater precision under the intensive design was largely due to detecting a greater proportion of individuals and increased detections at multiple snares. Though we cannot discern potential demographic changes between years, it is important to consider potential year effects on parameter estimates. For example, seasonal food abundance can affect movements and responses to baited sites. However, model selection results suggest bears responded to lured snares similarly between years. Therefore, we suggest our comparisons are appropriate given the constraints of implementing such large scale capture-recapture studies. Although our two sampling designs are not comparable experimentally, results demonstrate the interplay among spatial sampling design, population distribution, and precision of detection parameters.

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