Between F1-40 and BoNT/A, but also is highly useful for the future development of F1-40 as an integral component of a test for BoNT/A contamination of food. An additional analysis of non-Sanofi-supported review articles would provide compelling data for comparison. But “absence of evidence is not evidence of absence” to prove lack of Sanofi support would require much more than a Google search. The RIO bias tally identified ten nearly-identical industryfriendly statements or inappropriate omissions in articles written by different authors. These statements originally appeared in RIO publications, which acknowledged editorial assistance by Sanofi-Aventis , whereas the review articles did not. Nearly identical illustrations reappeared in several articles, and distinctive factual misrepresentations reappeared in articles by different authors. Replication of passages in a single author’s work may indicate only carelessness, but replication of passages in articles by different authors raises the question of whether a common ghost author was involved. One rimonabant review article listed the authors as “editors,” and the primary author was unidentified. Thus, more studies are necessary. Here we aim to provide the first comprehensive genome-wide expression analysis of malaria parasite transcription including all life cycle stages. The instantaneous rate at which susceptible contacts are infected depends on the time since infection, and is described by an infectiousness function. We use a peaked infectiousness function, motivated by viral shedding and household transmission data , which has a serial interval of 2.6 days. This emergency signaling pathway, which is quiescent during normal physiological conditions, activates osteoclasts and mobilizes mineral without utilizing ITAM-adapter signaling. We applied different models and theories to expand our understanding about how ITAM-adapter signaling is bypassed during estrogen-deficiency in ITAM-adapter deficient mice. Estrogen-deficiency can rescue the osteoclast defect of ITAM-adapter deficient mice stimulating osteoclast multinucleation and promoting bone resorption in vivo. However, unlike wild-type mice, this enhanced osteoclastogenesis was not intrinsic to BMMs or Fulvestrant preosteoclasts in ITAM-adapter deficient mice, as shown in the in vitro cultures. Secondly, estrogen-deficiency induces changes in cytokine and hormone levels, including increased levels of TNFa and FSH. Both TNFa and FSH have been shown to stimulate or even substitute for RANKL during osteoclastogenesis through different mechanisms. The basic reproduction number , namely the reproduction number when there is no intervention in place and every contacted individual is susceptible, is given by the area under the infectiousness function. However, our concern is with the effective reproduction number R that holds when various interventions are in place. We obtain any R by simply multiplying the infectiousness function by the appropriate constant.