Between BTC and pre-malignant diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis are needed to achieve clinical acceptance. Nevertheless, our results demonstrate that measurement of bile miRNA levels is a practical approach for aiding the assessment of BTC and is comparable to many current diagnostic methods, including cytology. We therefore conclude that measurement of miRNA expression in bile would be helpful in distinguishing between benign and malignant conditions, especially in cases that remain undiagnosed. Notably, bile miR-9 has strong potential for use as a clinical marker of biliary tract cancers. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a complex condition with multiple variables affecting the disease course and response to treatment, including liver function and performance status of the patient and tumor stage. Patients with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection are also at a higher risk of developing HCC, and over 85% of patients with HCC present with HBV infection in China. Surgical treatment options for patients with HCC include resection and liver transplantation. Local ablation, such as ASP1517 808118-40-3 cryoablation like surgery, is also considered as a potentially curative therapy. This technique has the advantages of being minimally invasive, exerting fewer effects on liver function, and shows better reproducibility and improved immunity following treatment as compared with traditional surgical approaches. Our previous study indicate that cryoablation not only directly destroys the malignant tissues, but also exerts effects on the tissue adjacent to the carcinoma. Yantorno et al. and Shulman et al. have postulated that cryoablation interferes with the biological activity of tumor cells while preserving the structure of tumor antigenic proteins, which may enhance the specific anti-tumor immune response. Sabel et al. used cryoablation in BALB/ c mice with MT-901 mammary adenocarcinoma tumors and reported that cryoablation led to the induction of both a tumorspecific T-cell response in the tumor-draining lymph node and increased systemic NK cell activity. These observations were correlated with tumor rejection upon re-challenge in mice that had undergone cryoablation. Osada et al. performed cryoablation in 13 HCC patients with unresectable tumors. Following treatment, not only was the local tumor found to be necrotic, but the adjacent tumor tissue was also necrotic and shrunken, which was regarded as ectopic tumor suppression. This response may be associated with the release of tumor antigens, resulting in host production of anti-tumor.