However, recent studies indicate that the pH in temperate coastal Axitinib VEGFR/PDGFR inhibitor systems is likely to decrease and order of magnitude faster due to an altered balance between primary production and respiration. These fast-occurring changes may pose far-reaching consequences for marine ecosystems since empirical evidence demonstrates significant alterations in trophodynamics, nutrient cycling, organism physiology, organism reproduction and development as a consequence of ocean acidification. The implications of ocean acidification for ecosystem resilience are, however, still debated because the observed responses are variable and it remains unclear how acidification will interact with other stressors, such as temperature rise, eutrophication and deoxygenation of the oceans. Meta-analyses and literature reviews suggest that particularly calcification processes are hampered by ocean acidification, e.g.. Subsequently, calcifying organisms are considered specifically susceptible to ocean acidification. This study illustrates that ocean acidification may negatively affect shellfish recruitment success by impacting multiple early life history processes prior to settlement, including egg fertilization, embryonic shell formation, larval mortality, growth and metamorphosis. Results of the fertilization experiment demonstrate that failure of fertilizations increase with enhanced seawater pCO2. Similar effects have been found for a variety of invertebrate phyla and have been attributed to a reduction in the efficiency to block polyspermy and a reduction in sperm speed and motility which decreases fertilization success. In addition, the intracellular egg pH has been shown instrumental to successful fertilization of sea urchin eggs by regulating sperm entrance through the egg membrane. This mechanism may therefore be distorted when more CO2 diffuses across the gamete cell membrane in an acidified sea. So far studies of ocean acidification effects on bivalve fertilization have yielded variable results. This suggests that effects may be species-specific and reflect the adaptation of the species to the pH variability in the species’ habitat, and that effects may be influenced by site-specific environmental parameters, such as temperature and eutrophication. The reliance on cereal based food induce Zn deficiency related health problem, such as impairments in physical growth, immune system and brain function. Among the cereals, Rice, being one of the leading staple crop for half of the world’s population and, hence, is the main source of Zn to human. Rice, however unfortunately, is a poor source of metabolizable Zn, due to inherently low in Zn content and the bioavailable Zn. Enrichment of rice with high bioavailable Zn is, therefore, suggested as a way to generate major health benefits for a large number of susceptible people. Zinc biofortification, which aims to enhance Zn concentration as well as bioavailability of rice grain, is considered as the more sustainable and economical solution to address human Zn deficiency. Genetic biofortification and agronomic biofortification are two important agricultural tools to improve rice grain Zn concentration. However, yield factor, interactions between genotype and environment, lack of sufficient genetic diversity in current cultivars for breeding program, consumer resistance and safety of genetically modified crops are the main bottlenecks of genetic biofortification. The traditional and efficient strategy of agronomic biofortification, such as Zn fertilization is, therefore, urgent, essential and rapid solution for improving Zn concentr.