Similar to several previous studies that did not clearly identify factors improving risk prediction of the FRS. Re-estimated risk functions using these factors improve accurate estimation of absolute risk, but did not meaningfully improve discrimination, or the ability to distinguish between low, intermediate, and high-risk adults. Substantial improvements in discrimination may require novel CHD risk markers or other strategies for risk prediction in the elderly. We have previously found that ankle-arm index and interleukin-6, but not highsensitive C-reactive protein, improved risk prediction beyond traditional risk factors, but only modestly. Other potential markers that might improve CHD risk prediction in the elderly include homocysteine or coronary calcification. Future investigations should examine whether markers of atherosclerosis or novel CHD risk markers might improve risk prediction beyond FRS in older adults, which still requires additional studies. For current clinical use, recalibrated Framingham functions seem an attractive option to better assess absolute CHD risk for older adults, given that no currently available new risk factors have been clearly and consistently shown to improve CHD risk prediction and that the Health ABC function needs to be externally validated in another cohort. In summary, our study suggests that the FRS underestimates CHD risk in the growing population of elderly, particularly in older women. However, traditional risk factors remain the best predictors of future CHD events. Recalibrating risk functions in older adults is important to improve the accuracy of absolute CHD risk estimates, especially for women, and might be useful to better identify older individuals at increased risk who will benefit from preventive therapies, such as statins or aspirin. However, substantial improvements in discrimination may require novel CHD risk markers or other strategies for better CHD risk prediction and risk stratification in the elderly. Intracellular lipid chaperones known as fatty acid-binding proteins are a group of molecules that coordinate lipid responses in cells. FABPs are abundantly expressed 14�C15 kDa proteins that can reversibly bind to hydrophobic ligands, such as saturated and unsaturated long chain fatty acids, eicosanoids, and other lipids, with high affinity. FABPs have been proposed to facilitate the transport of lipids to specific compartments in the cell, such as to the lipid droplet for storage, to the Metaproterenol Sulfate endoplasmic reticulum for signaling, trafficking, and membrane synthesis, to the mitochondria or peroxisome for oxidation, to cytosolic or other enzymes to Simetryn regulate their activity, and to the nucleus for lipid-mediated transcriptional regulation. One of the FABPs, fatty acid-binding protein 4, known as adipocyte FABP or aP2, is expressed in both adipocytes and macrophages and plays important roles in the regulation of insulin sensitivity and the development of atherosclerosis.