On the other hand, phi emerges as a cheaper assay than PCA3, that hold promise to help urologist to plan to take or not first biopsy, especially if future investigations will further confirm phi test stability and reproducibility. Moreover, in this study we firstly assessed the correlation of phi and PCA3 with prognostic biopsy outcome such as Gleason sum and positive core numbers and with PSA density. 
We found that the two biomarkers significantly correlate with Gleason sum higher than 6 and number of positive cores higher than 2 and inversely with AS criteria compatibility. Previously published reports investigated the value of phi or PCA3 to predict biopsy reclassification during AS and pathological features at radical prostatectomy. Our encouraging results may help to improve the selection of patients eligible for active surveillance according to PRIAS criteria or for neurovascular bundle-sparing surgery. Future multinstitutional studies on larger population are needed to verify if combination of phi and PCA3 may improve biopsy reclassification in subjects enrolled in an AS program. The strengthen of our study resides in a single centre dataset including subjects at first biopsy allowing us to assess the net clinical benefit of one marker over the other and to define cut-offs calculated on a large population. Unfortunately, PCa patients number is not enough to evaluate the ability of phi and PCA3 alone or in combination to predict clinically localized cancer compatible with watchful waiting. Human lifespan has increased over the years almost worldwide. Therefore the concept of healthy ageing, defined as a high quality of life into later stages of life with an absence of age-related disease, is becoming increasingly important. So far the mechanisms explaining individual differences in lifespan and susceptibility to disease are not well understood. Thirty percent of the individual variance in life expectancy is genetically determined, yet the specific genetic determinants of human lifespan still remain largely unknown. One of the main objectives in research on ageing is to identify people at higher risk to developing early onset pathologies commonly associated with ageing and contributing to premature death. There is an unmet need for studies that increase our knowledge about determinants of the variation in human lifespan, morbidity and mortality and that highlight potential targets for prevention. One of the goals is to identify pleiotropic genes that may lead to premature death by influencing the risk of one, or more than one, disease. A family of proteins that may be important in explaining the individual differences in lifespan is the ADAM family. ADAMs are membrane-anchored proteins belonging to the zinc protease superfamily. They play a role in cell adhesion, cell migration and proteolysis and thus are fundamental to many control processes in development and homeostasis.