Subsequent corruption occurs in human PDGF-driven gliomas, gliomas in general or in other tumor types, our data indicates that this process may not be limited to hPDGFb-induced murine gliomas. As such, human gliomas that appear to be comprised of two or more genetically unrelated clones, or recurrent patient gliomas that lack the genetic alterations present in the originally resected tumors subjected to therapeutic stress, may be examples of these processes. Although similar processes have not been described in vivo, anin vitro line of evidence from the colon cancer cell lines suggested that one of the mechanisms of how cancer cells bypass senescence may be related to their potential for continuous “clonal diversification”, even within the what is perceived a clonal population of cancer cells, not affected by native stromal environment. The process of corruption would thus occur if the tumor microenvironment initially drive proliferation and induce the stem-like character in both progeny of the cell-of-origin and the recruited cells. In hPDGFb-driven gliomas there is evidence for both – tumor cells 
secrete proliferative growth factors, inflammatory cells secrete cytokines, and endothelial and inflammatory cells secrete nitric oxide that activates the Notch signaling pathway, promoting the stem-like character. Such environment affects cells within the tumor regardless of whether they are derived from the glioma-initiating cell-of-origin or not. This notion is further supported by the analysis of expression array data using the Folinic acid calcium salt pentahydrate bacTRAP olig2 RP-eGFP reporter system and immunostaining, which suggest that recruited olig2 cells can acquire expression of GFAP and vimentin and increase the expression of nestin as compared to the tumor olig2 cells, triple co-expression of which is considered to be typical for the bona fide neural stem cells. Human placenta is a unique organ associated with fetomaternal circulation, which involves decidua basalis as the maternal component and chorionic villi from the fetus. Placenta consists of trophoblasts, which exhibit several functions such as protection, nutrition and respiration of fetus, as well as hormone production. Placental trophoblasts include relatively undifferentiated villous cytotrophoblast, intermediate cytotrophoblast, terminally differentiated villous syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous cytotrophoblast that invade into maternal decidua. These differentiated trophoblasts arise from a putative trophoblast stem cell population; it has been proposed that vCTB at the villous Lomitapide Mesylate basement membrane contains a TS cell population. In a previous study, mouse TS cell lines were established using blastocysts and extraembryonic ectoderm of E6.5 embryos cultured in vitro. They are self-renewable in the presence of FGF4 and feeder cells, and then readily differentiate into diverse trophoblast cell lineages in the absence of FGF4 and feeder cells. Human TS cell lines cannot be established under conditions similar to that used for mouse TS cell lines. The differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into trophoblasts has been studied under certain conditions. Most of the studies failed to show induction of CDX2, EOMES or ERRB in the trophoblasts, so it is controversial whether they are real human TS cells. Only a few groups presented CDX2 positive cells as putative human TS cell compartments. vCTB contains progenitor cells, and possibly, TS cells that continue to produce daughter cells that differentiate and fuse with syncytium or differentiate into invasive trophoblasts. vCTB cells can be isolated from human villous tissue at any stage of pregnancy for primary culture.