Thus, local therapy as first-line treatment for limited stages OAML has given excellent results in various studies, although it has not yet been directly compared to systemic treatment approaches. Radiotherapy with an investigator-depending dose of 20�C45 Gy achieved high response rates with complete remissions in up to 100% of patients in most studies. Son et al have reported on a series of 46 patients treated with radiotherapy and have defined a dose of 30.6 Gy applied in fractions of 1.8�C2.0 Gy to be a reasonable cut-off in terms of tolerability and efficacy. In a Japanese study of 78 patients, a total of 23 subsequently developed grade III cataract and 7 patients had retinal disorders. A recent study has compared directly the ophthalmologic outcomes of radiotherapy versus chemotherapy or combined chemo-radiotherapy and has demonstrated significantly lower rates of ophthalmological symptoms in patients with non-conjunctival OAML receiving no radiation therapy while the therapeutic outcome was not impaired. In has to be noted, however, that the retrospective nature of our evaluation does not allow for a disctinct assessment of criteria decisive for the use of respective therapies in individual patients. In addition, also patients treated with non-approved drugs during registered Miconazole Nitrate clinical trials initiated at our institution were included in our analysis, adding some potential bias to our data. With all the caveats of such a retrospective series, there appeared to be no difference Chlorprothixene between local therapies as compared to systemic approaches. First line therapy with radiotherapy, surgery or immuno-/chemotherapy resulted in comparably high response rates, which also did not result in a significantly different TTP between treatment arms. However, there was no standardized systemic regimen, which might weaken the conclusion of our series. In addition, also new and investigational substances/regimens as lenalidomide or bendamustine were used in patients included in clinical trials. However, still these data allow for the hypothesis that the wide variety of systemic approaches used in clinical everyday practice did apparently not result in a worse outcome than radiotherapy.