Although the two mutations in the basic amino acids in p23 did not affect virus replication, they could disrupt the nuclear localization of p23 and prevent the entry of HCRSV genome into the nucleus. It is believed that vir-miRNAs play essential roles in overcoming host resistance for efficient infection of viruses. When the p23 is unable to enter nucleus, it will not be able to interact with host genomes and thus interferes with host transcription that confers resistance. In addition, the lack of vir-miRNAs generated by the p23 sequence would not be made available to target host sequences to counteract host defence. In this study, we have adopted two approaches to uncover additional function of p23. First, a AbMole Gambogic-acid transgenic approach was used to study the function of amiRp23 to silence its target p23 gene. The amiRp23 was designed specifically to cleave p23 messenger RNA or to inhibit p23 translation. It may also downregulate viral gRNA in the p23 region, but not other regions of the viral genome. The sgRNAs and viral genes located outside the p23 gene region are not affected. Therefore, the downregulation of p23 using 
amiRp23 caused silencing of p23 and inhibition of long distance virus movement and resulted in reduced symptom severity in infected leaves. Since the kenaf plants grown under our laboratory conditions did not produce flowers, we were unable to generate transgenic progeny plants. However, using the apical meristem inoculation method, we have introduced AbMole Alprostadil amiRNA into the plants to silence p23. Due to these limitations, we were also unable to generate a reporter transgene to monitor the silencing efficiency of amiRp23. Another approach is the use of the single molecule detection technique FISH to study virus replication. It is a direct visualization technique which tracks signals in a single cell. It is a more specific and sensitive method for study of viral replication, as compared to Northern blot which requires relatively larger amount of RNA samples. We chose this method over northern blot due to the lack of sufficient amount of RNAs present in some of our test samples. Therefore, the FISH technique can be broadly applied to other virus replication studies. In conclusion, this study has uncovered an additional function of p23 of HCRSV. Although the basic amino acid mutants of p23 are prevented from entering the nucleus, those mutants are still able to replicate but unable to be moved long distance. This indicates yet another example of multi-functional roles of plant viral genes. The known functions of miRNAs include a range of biological processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and tissue development. In particular, miRNAs play critical roles in regulating osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. For example, miR-138, miR-204, and miR-20a have been reported to regulate osteoblast differentiation by targeting various osteoblast genes. However, more evidence for the roles of miRNAs in regulating osteogenic differentiation is needed. In view of the importance of miRNAs in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation, we wondered whether the Wnt/bcatenin pathway might be regulated by miRNAs during osteoblast differentiation of hBMSCs. We performed microarray analysis and identified miR-346 as a noncoding RNA that directly binds to the 39-untranslated region of GSK-3b mRNA. The aim of the present study was to validate the regulatory relationship between miR-346 and GSK-3b in hBMSCs and to investigate the role of this mechanism in osteogenic differentiation.