Zimmerman et al. reported impaired bone formation in transgenic mice having altered integrin function in osteoblasts. There are some limitations of this study and its findings. One concern about the specific model used in this study is that revascularization is relatively robust in the rat model of ischemic necrosis. Another limitation of the study is our intraosseous injection method, which has the possibility for leakage and subsequent heterotopic ossification. The development of more precisely controlled release methods for direct intraosseous injection would help avoid this complication. Despite these possibilities, the combination of COMP-Ang1 and BMP-2 potentiated greater bone regeneration than was seen in the BMP-2 group. In summary, based on the findings of increased vascularity and new bone formation in ischemic femoral heads, a new strategy of COMP-Ang1 and BMP-2 combination therapy may be an ideal treatment for INFH. Exposure to TCDD evokes a wide range of toxicities in laboratory animals, including wasting syndrome and death. In humans, short-term exposure to high levels of TCDD often presents as liver damage and chloracne, while low-dose long-term exposure has been linked to immune deficiency, diabetes, and various cancer types. TCDD is an exogenous ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Upon cell entry, TCDD binds cytoplasmic AHR, leading to the formation of a ligand-receptor complex which translocates into the nucleus, dimerizes with the AHR nuclear translocator and binds to DNA to regulate transcription of target genes. Previous studies have shown that TCDD exposure results in the dysregulation of hundreds of genes in numerous models. While specific changes to the transcriptome resulting from TCDD-mediated regulation have been identified across a wide range of experimental models, downstream effects on the proteome which may prove causative of toxicities, remain unclear. Complete examination of various –omics data will be required to identify the specific molecules responsible for the severe toxic effects induced by TCDD. Analysis of protein content is the general end-point for many biological experiments. While mass spectrophotometry is a highly sensitive and specific technique, both the data generation and analysis steps are highly complex. As such, western blot has become the standard method of use, as it allows for the sensitive and specific detection of target proteins with accurate relative quantitation of protein content in a relatively simple and inexpensive Remdesivir AbMole manner. However, as in transcriptomic studies, accurate assessment of protein abundance by western blot requires thorough normalization of the data prior to the interpretation of results.