Stimulate pDC-activation and inflammation in a way similar to cathelicidins. Thus, whether autoreactivity against exposed cathelicidins is an epiphenomenon due to extensive disease-induced overexpression, or if these AMPs could potentially compensate for the absence of cathelicidins is a question that merits further studies. Normal kidney function is required for the clearance of endogenous metabolite and xenobiotic waste products from the body while maintaining the balance of ions, fluid and many small molecules. Z-VAD-FMK chronic kidney disease is an important public health problem with approximately 10% of this population progressing to end stage renal disease. Accumulating toxins cause difficulty in controlling blood pressure, impairs renal function, and worsens prognosis in CKD patients. Serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate are often used as markers for CKD. Yet knowledge of the complex molecular defects and pathophysiological mechanisms causing CKD remain unclear as researchers are hindered by analytical methodologies that limited their focus to a single or relatively few high risk biomarkers at one time. Metabonomics approaches open the possibility to identify and quantify changes in many small-molecule metabolites in complex biological samples. Metabolomic analysis of patient samples or animal models of CKD have been conducted by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the different LC-MS techniques, ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight high-definition mass spectrometry is especially suited for large-scale untargeted metabonomics due to its enhanced reproducibility of retention time, selectivity and sensitivity. Ergosta-4,6,8,22-tetraen-3-one is widely distributed in medicinal fungi, lichen and plants such as Polyporus umbellatus, Vietnamese Xylaria and Cordyceps sinensis. Ergone possesses cytotoxic activity, diuretic activity and nephroprotective effect. Our previous study demonstrated that ergone could prevent progression of renal injury and subsequent renal fibrosis. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated ergone was mainly excreted into the rat feces via bile instead of urine with approximately 57% of the loading dose present in the feces within 24 h. Although therapeutic efficacy of ergone for CKD was demonstrated, the biochemical mechanism of its action was still not fully understood. Recent LC-MS-based serum and urinary metabonomics of chronic renal failure rats have been reported and suggest that ergone can markedly influence the process of interstitial fibrosis, which might be due to the melioration of amino acid metabolism and lecithin metabolism. Adenine was a nitrogen heterocycles compound and uric acid was its final metabolite. Normally, adenine was efficiently salvaged by adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and blood and urine had very low level of adenine. If adenine was superfluous in mammalian metabolism, adenine would become a significant substrate for synthesis dihydroxyadenine.