Suggesting an alternate mechanism of growth regulation. ICK can phosphorylate Scythe, an antiapoptotic protein and thus may regulate cell survival. CIT is a dual specificity protein kinase that is a putative RHO and RAC effector, which may play a role in cytokinesis. CIT knockdown may disrupt cytokinesis and therefore cell growth. GALK2 is an N-acetylgalactosamine kinase, which also has galactokinase activity at high galactose concentrations. Regulating carbohydrate metabolism is necessary for cell growth and GalNAc is critical for O-linked glycosylation and the corresponding regulation of cell signaling; GALK2 knockdown may disrupt these fundamental cellular processes. PSKH1 is an understudied kinase that may be a splicing factor compartmentassociated serine kinase with a role in intranuclear non-snRNP splicing factor trafficking and pre-mRNA processing. The absence of a major effect in the non-tumorigenic LHS prostate cells and MCF10A breast cells may be due to differences in the relative effectiveness of the knockdown and/or requirement for these Tubacin distributor kinases in these fundamental cellular processes. It is plausible that the requirement for CIT, GALK2, and PSKH1 varies depending upon the tumorigenic state since the mRNA levels of these kinases increase as prostate cancer progresses. Further study is required to determine the mechanism of growth regulation for these kinases in prostate cancer. In this study we screened a panel of shRNAs targeting the human kinome against LNCaP prostate cancer cells grown in the presence and absence of androgen to identify the signaling pathways that regulate prostate cancer cell growth. We identified multiple shRNA clones against kinases that regulate both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer cell growth. This study further demonstrates the applicability of lentiviral based shRNA for conducting phenotypic screens to identify targets involved in a variety of biological processes, and establishes MAP3K11, DGKD, ICK, CIT, GALK2, and PSKH1 as regulators of prostate cancer cell growth. The vertebrate kidney is a complex organ that maintains water and salt homeostasis and excretes waste products. Three distinct kidneys develop in succession: the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros. The pronephros is the functional embryonic kidney of amphibians. It is composed of a single nephron that contains the blood-filtering glomus, the proximal-distal tubules and the pronephric duct. Each segment of the pronephros contains distinct domains, as evidenced by the differential expression of several membrane transporter genes. The pronephros is structurally and functionally similar to the nephron in the metanephric kidney. Studies in Xenopus and mice have suggested that Notch signaling pathways, as well as the transcription factors Lim1, Pax2/Pax8, WT1, HNF1b and GATA3, are involved in the formation of the pronephros. Most of the important regulatory molecular components that express during early embryonic development are conserved in vertebrates. Due to its relatively simple organization and due to the ease with which it can be genetically manipula.