At 12 hpi, the only gene ontology cluster related to the immune response was inflammation and chemotaxis. The genes in this cluster were cytokines, chemokines, and related molecules. Chemokines are small peptides that are potent activators and chemoattractants for leukocytes, and play an important role at the sites of inflammation. Overall, nymphal tick feeding induced the expression of chemokines specific for neutrophil and monocyte recruitment. In addition, Cxcl14 was upregulated, a chemokine specific for dendritic cell precursors but without a defined function in the skin. Increasing evidence suggests that small inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes, prostaglandins, platelet activating factor, and complement initiate chemotaxis to sites of inflammation. This initial response is amplified by cytokine production that drives chemokine synthesis. Our results support the upregulation of IL-1b, IL-6, and C1qb that may interact with the chemokine profile to maintain and amplify the chemotactic response. While the sequence of events could not be defined in this study, the gene expression profile strongly suggests the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to the bite site. Neutrophil numbers then increased rapidly for 2 hrs when a plateau-phase was reached. In a similar model using a larger wound and EGFPlabeled neutrophils, influx was measurable at 4 hrs and did not plateau until 2–3 days post wounding. These studies suggest neutrophil chemotaxis into sites of cutaneous injury was initiated within 20 minutes, but the subsequent kinetics and final concentration of neutrophils may depend on other factors such as the size of the wound. In our study, very few neutrophils were visible at the bite site by 1 hpi. It should be noted that this is 1 hour after apparent tick attachment and hence represents the maximum length of attachment. Even so, it seems likely that the very early phase of neutrophil recruitment to nymphal tick bite sites is slower than that reported to sterile cutaneous wounds. At 3 hpi, appreciable neutrophils are present, and their numbers increase across our study, suggesting the plateau phase may not be reached during the time scale of the experiment. Despite decades of global research efforts, an efficacious HIV vaccine has remained elusive thus far. Plasmid DNA vaccines are a promising modality for immunization against a variety of human pathogens. However, poor delivery efficiency has impaired their practical use; despite considerable efforts to improve delivery, DNA vaccination results in only minute levels of antigens in the body for inducing the immune system. Consequently, a number of adjuvant strategies have been designed to improve plasmid DNA immunogenicity, including directly stimulating the immune high throughput screening purchase system as well as enhancing plasmid DNA expression. DNA vaccine adjuvants are an active field of research and have generated a broad range of candidate molecules. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, a successful adjuvant, has been shown in several clinical trials and pilot studies to effectively enhance specific cellular and humoral immune responses. In addition, other materials such as bacterial toxins, saponins, lipopolysaccharide derivatives, lipopeptides and cytokines have also demonstrated adjuvant effects. In addition, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated the adjuvant effects of flagellin, including T lymphocytes through the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway.